给水管网中污染物在管垢上的累积和释放

给水管网中,管垢是各种污染物的源和汇,但目前污染物在管垢中的累积释放特征尚缺乏系统研究.本文以实际的城市供水管网的球墨铸铁管和灰口铸铁管为对象,一方面采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、晶体衍射结构分析(XRD)等手段对其管垢进行表征,另一方面运用管段滞流反应器研究了三氯甲烷、铅、锰和锌等污染物滞流状态下在管垢上累积和释放特征.结果表明:同为铸铁管,使用一定年限后,管垢成分有所差异,灰口管管垢量较大,具有明显的锈蚀和管瘤出现,成分以二氧化硅、金属复合氧化物为主,而球墨管管垢量较小,以二氧化硅为主;随着初始浓度的提高,管垢对污染物的累积量逐步提高,对于三氯甲烷,其吸附量和释放量都非常低,而对于Pb、Mn和Zn 3种金属,管垢的吸附量远大于释放量,说明在实验条件下它们易累积不易释放,但水质条件的改变有可能引起大规模释放.研究结果对饮用水管网生物化学安全提出了更高的要求,为管网的饮用水安全保障提供了理论依据.     

Effects of Ca(OH)2 assisted aluminum sulfate coagulation on the removal of humic acid and the formation potentials of tri-halomethanes and haloacetic acids in chlorination

The effects of addition of calcium hydroxide on aluminum sulphate(or alum) coagulation for removal of natural organic matter(NOM) and its subsequent effect on the formation potentials of two major types of regulated disinfection byproducts(DBPs),haloacetic acids(HAAs) and trihalomethanes(THMs),have been examined.The results revealed several noteworthy phenomena.At the optimal coagulation pH(i.e.6),the coagulation behavior of NOM water solutions versus alum dose,showed large variation and a consequent great change in the formation potentials of the DBPs at certain coagulant doses.However,with addition of a relatively small amount of Ca(OH) 2,although the zeta potential of coagulated flocs remained almost the same,NOM removal became more consistent with alum dose.Importantly,also the detrimental effect of charge reversal on NOM removal at the low coagulant dose disappeared.This resulted in a steady decrease in the formation potentials of DBPs as a function of the coagulant dose.Moreover,the addition of Ca(OH) 2 broadened the pH range of alum coagulation and promoted further reduction of the formation potentials of the DBPs.The enhancement effects of Ca(OH) 2 assisted alum coagulation are especially pronounced at pH 7 and 8.Finally,synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that the reduction in DBPs formation potential by Ca(OH) 2-assisted alum coagulation was connected to an enhanced removal of small hydrophobic and hydrophilic HA molecules.Ca(OH) 2-assistance of alum coagulation appeared to increase substantially the removal of the hydrophilic HA fraction responsible for HAAs formation,prompting further reduction of HAA formation potentials.     

Fe3+和Br-对饮用水氯消毒过程中挥发性卤代烃生成的影响

以腐殖酸模拟天然水体中的活性消毒副产物的前体物,研究了含腐殖酸水样中溴离子和三价铁离子对氯消毒反应过程中挥发性卤代烃三卤甲烷(THMs)的生成量和相对分布的影响.结果表明,水样中的溴离子浓度增加将增加溴代三卤甲烷和总三卤甲烷的生成量, 在Br^-离子浓度1.0 mg/L时,THMs的总量为不含Br^-时的2.7倍;当水样中含有溴离子时,在偏酸性条件下三价铁对三卤甲烷的生成有一定的抑制作用,在偏碱性条件下三价铁离子提高了溴离子与腐殖酸的反应活性,从而提高了三卤甲烷的生成总量.Fe³⁺浓度为5 mg/L时,三溴甲烷的生成量与无Fe³⁺存在时相比,由51.7 μg/L增加到79.4 μg/L, 增加幅度达54%,THMs的总量从113.49 μg/L增加到162.09 μg/L.溴离子对饮用水的安全性具有较大的负面影响,溴离子和三价铁离子共存于偏碱性环境中时对加氯消毒后饮用水的致癌风险的影响显著增大,当Br^-含量为0.2 mg/L、Fe³⁺含量为5 mg/L时,在pH为6和8的条件下,致癌风险比饮用水中不含Br^-和Fe³⁺时分别增加2.5和5.1倍.     

污水二氧化氯和氯消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化及氨氮的影响

采用umu遗传毒性测试方法考察了二氧化氯和氯消毒对几种城市污水生物处理出水遗传毒性的影响,发现当二氧化氯消毒剂从0　mg/L增加到30　mg/L时,几种污水的遗传毒性均先迅速降低后趋于稳定,而当氯消毒剂从0　mg/L增加到30　mg/L时,几种污水的遗传毒性的变化规律不同.进一步研究氨氮对污水消毒过程中遗传毒性变化的影响,发现氨氮对污水二氧化氯消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化规律没有显著影响,但是对污水氯消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化规律却起着至关重要的作用.当氨氮含量较小（<10～20　mg/L）时,污水氯消毒后的遗传毒性小于消毒前;当氨氮含量较大时（>10～20　mg/L）,污水氯消毒后的遗传毒性大于消毒前.     

污水氯和二氧化氯消毒过程中溶解性有机物变化的三维荧光光谱解析

采用三维荧光光谱（3DEEM）技术对污水在氯和二氧化氯消毒过程中溶解性有机物（DOM）的变化进行了初步解析.结果表明,与饮用水、地表水等不同,生物处理出水含有较多的芳香族蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢产物,且其中的腐殖质主要为生物源,芳香性较弱.在氯和二氧化氯消毒后,污水DOM中的芳香族蛋白质和微生物代谢产物类物质的荧光峰发生蓝移,即峰值的激发或发射波长减少了几个nm,这可能由芳香环结构的破坏引起;而腐殖质类物质的荧光峰发生红移,即峰值的激发或发射波长增加了几个到二十几个nm,此现象与地表水相反,可能与腐殖质的来源不同有关.与遗传毒性的变化类似,氨氮对水样氯消毒后的荧光变化有明显影响,但对二氧化氯消毒后的荧光变化无明显影响.     

悬浮颗粒对污水氯消毒“拖尾”现象的影响

利用动力学方法研究了悬浮颗粒对二级出水氯消毒灭活大肠杆菌"拖尾"现象的影响规律.SS浓度越高,消毒拖尾区出现越早,灭活率越低.双对数回归对比表明,SS与灭活速度线性相关,浓度从6mg/L升高至85mg/L,总的灭活速度降低约10倍.采用多次拟合统计分析发现,SS浓度在10～55mg/L范围内,悬浮颗粒浓度与拖尾区起始时间及起始点对数灭活率线性相关(R20.99).在此范围内随SS浓度升高,拖尾起始点的时间由330min降低到55min,对数灭活率由5.8降低至0.8.有效去除SS不仅能够提高拖尾区灭活率,也可以提高消毒效率,降低消毒池的投资和运行费用.高氯投量及低pH值均能一定程度提高"拖尾"区灭活率.     

水中利谷隆氯化降解动力学和消毒副产物生成特性

采用常用消毒剂次氯酸钠对含氮除草剂利谷隆开展了氯化降解实验研究,系统考察了加氯量、p H值、加Br-量以及温度对降解效果的影响,分析了氯化反应过程中消毒副产物生成特性.结果表明,次氯酸钠对利谷隆的氧化降解过程符合二级反应动力学;p H值对该降解反应影响较大,当p H值为7时反应速率最快,其中HOCl、OCl-与利谷隆的基元反应速率常数分别为4.84×102L·(mol·h)-1和3.80×102L·(mol·h)-1.在添加溴离子时,反应速率随着溴离子的加入逐渐减小.改变温度时,反应速率随着温度的增加而逐渐增大.利谷隆在氯化降解过程中可产生三氯甲烷、二氯乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷、卤代丙酮等多类型消毒副产物.在不同p H值和添加溴离子条件下,消毒副产物种类与浓度会出现显著差异.     

Powdered activated carbon coupled with enhanced coagulation for natural organic matter removal and disinfection by-product control: application in a Western Australian water treatment plant

The removal of organic precursors of disinfection by-products (DBPs), i.e. natural organic matter (NOM), prior to disinfection and distribution is considered as the most effective approach to minimise the formation of DBPs. This study investigated the impact of the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) to an enhanced coagulation treatment process at an existing water treatment plant on the efficiency of NOM removal, the disinfection behaviour of the treated water, and the water quality in the distribution system. This is the first comprehensive assessment of the efficacy of plant-scale application of PAC combined with enhanced coagulation on an Australian source water. As a result of the PAC addition, the removal of NOM improved by 70%, which led to a significant reduction (80-95%) in the formation of DBPs. The water quality in the distribution system also improved, indicated by lower concentrations of DBPs in the distribution system and better maintenance of disinfectant residual at the extremities of the distribution system. The efficacy of the PAC treatment for NOM removal was shown to be a function of the characteristics of the NOM and the quality of the source water, as well as the PAC dose. PAC treatment did not have the capacity to remove bromide ion, resulting in the formation of more brominated DBPs. Since brominated DBPs have been found to be more toxic than their chlorinated analogues, their preferential formation upon PAC addition must be considered, especially in source waters containing high concentrations of bromide.     

Uncertainty characterization approaches for risk assessment of DBPs in drinking water: A review

The management of risk from disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water has become a critical issue over the last three decades. The areas of concern for risk management studies include (i) human health risk from DBPs, (ii) disinfection performance, (iii) technical feasibility (maintenance, management and operation) of treatment and disinfection approaches, and (iv) cost. Human health risk assessment is typically considered to be the most important phase of the risk-based decision-making or risk management studies. The factors associated with health risk assessment and other attributes are generally prone to considerable uncertainty. Probabilistic and non-probabilistic approaches have both been employed to characterize uncertainties associated with risk assessment. The probabilistic approaches include sampling-based methods (typically Monte Carlo simulation and stratified sampling) and asymptotic (approximate) reliability analysis (first- and second-order reliability methods). Non-probabilistic approaches include interval analysis, fuzzy set theory and possibility theory. However, it is generally accepted that no single method is suitable for the entire spectrum of problems encountered in uncertainty analyses for risk assessment. Each method has its own set of advantages and limitations. In this paper, the feasibility and limitations of different uncertainty analysis approaches are outlined for risk management studies of drinking water supply systems. The findings assist in the selection of suitable approaches for uncertainty analysis in risk management studies associated with DBPs and human health risk.     

制药工业发酵副产品磁性吸附剂吸附六价铬的研究

利用包埋法,以海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇作为基质,制药工业发酵副产品主要为红色链霉菌菌体为吸附剂,与磁性纳米颗粒制备磁性吸附剂,对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水进行吸附研究。磁性吸附剂吸附饱和后,在外加磁场作用下迅速与液相分离。研究结果表明,在溶液pH为0~12,搅拌转速为0~200 r/min,温度变化范围在0~50℃的条件下,经过5个循环,吸附剂的形状,机械强度等性能均保持完好;优化的pH为2;最佳温度为25℃;吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型;吸附动力学过程符合Lagergren模型;经5次吸附-解吸附循环实验,磁性吸附剂对六价铬的吸附和解吸附能力均保持良好。